2021 Covid Pandemic References

Tom Ambrose et al, “New Year’s Eve 2021: celebrations around the world amid concern over Covid – live updates,” The Guardian (31 December 2021).

Nicholas J. Irons & Adrian E. Raftery, “Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections from deaths, confirmed cases, tests, and random surveys,” PNAS (3 August 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Portugal cuts isolation to seven days; hospitalisations in Wales rise 49% in a week,” The Guardian (30 December 2021).

Carl Zimmer & Azeen Ghorayshi, “Studies suggest why Omicron is less severe: it spares the lungs,” The New York Times (31 December 2021).

COVID-19 can trigger self-attacking antibodies, even in mild or asymptomatic cases,” MedicalXpress (30 December 2021).

Emily Anthes & Noah Weiland, “As Omicron spreads, officials ponder what it means to be ‘fully vaccinated’,” The New York Times (29 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: over 90% of community cases in England now Omicron; France reports over 200,000 cases in 24 hours in new record,” The Guardian (29 December 2021).

Nicholas J. Irons & Adrian E. Raftery, “Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections from deaths, confirmed cases, tests, and random surveys,” PNAS (3 August 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Covid live: England recorded highest number of hospitalisations since early February on Boxing Day; Denmark has world’s highest infection rate,” The Guardian (28 December 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Covid live news: walk-in PCR tests unavailable in England for several hours; France considers new curbs,” The Guardian (27 December 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live: US reports highest seven-day cases average since January; UK ‘considering door-to-door vaccinations’,” The Guardian (26 December 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live news: 1.7 million people in UK had coronavirus last week; thousands of Christmas flights cancelled,” The Guardian (24 December 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Covid live: Denmark to require foreigners to show negative test; South Korea marks deadliest day of pandemic,” The Guardian (23 December 2021).

Emily Caldwell, “SARS-CoV-2 goes ‘underground’ to spread from cell to cell,” Phys.org (23 December 2021).

Ian Sample & Heather Stewart, “Risk of hospital stay 40% lower with Omicron than Delta, UK data suggests,” The Guardian (22 December 2021).

Omicron: What we know about the symptoms,” Al Jazeera (22 December 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty et al, “How covid vaccines shaped 2021 in eight powerful charts,” Nature (16 December 2021).

Frauke Kreuter, “What surveys really say,” Nature (8 December 2021).

Amy Maxmen, “Omicron blindspots: why it’s hard to track coronavirus variants,” Nature (16 December 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Covid live: fourth vaccine dose ‘could be needed against Omicron’; France ‘could soon have 100,000 cases per day,” The Guardian (22 December 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Covid live: Portugal to close bars and nightclubs; hospital bosses in England brace for ‘dangerous situation’,” The Guardian (21 December 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: EU drugs regulator approves Novavax vaccine; Israel bans travel to US and Canada,” The Guardian (20 December 2021).

Stephanie Nolen, “Most of the world’s vaccines likely won’t prevent infection from Omicron,” The New York Times (19 December 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live: UK reports more than 90,000 new cases; WHO says Omicron spreads significantly faster than Delta,” The Guardian (18 December 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Covid live: UK reports 93,045 new cases; pubs and restaurants in Ireland reportedly set to get 8pm curfew,” The Guardian (17 December 2021).

Jem Bartholome et al, “Covid live: Germany lacks millions of vaccine doses; Denmark breaks case record for fourth day running,” The Guardian (16 December 2021).

Juan Li et al, “The emergence, genomic diversity and global spread of SARS-CoV-2,” Nature (8 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Italy imposes mandatory testing for all EU arrivals; Poland announces further curbs as deaths rise,” The Guardian (15 December 2021).

Lesley Wroughton, “Omicron variant more resistant to vaccine but causes less severe covid, major South African study concludes,” The Washington Post (14 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: Omicron poses real threat, says Moderna chief; Pfizer says Covid pill near 90% effective,” The Guardian (14 December 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Covid live: Boris Johnson appeals for thousands of volunteers to deliver UK jabs; Norway to tighten restrictions,” The Guardian (13 December 2021).

Covid live updates: indoor mask mandate returns to New York,” The New York Times (13 December 2021).

Nadeem Badshah & Lucy Campbell, “Covid live: 633 new Omicron cases detected in UK with overall daily infections at 54,073,” The Guardian (11 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: UK reports highest number of new cases since early January; Scotland faces ‘tsunami’ of infections,” The Guardian (10 December 2021).

Nicola Davis, “Two jabs much less protective against Omicron infection, UK data shows,” The Guardian (10 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: less than a third of South Africa’s Omicron patients ‘show severe illness’; UK reports 50,867 cases,” The Guardian (9 December 2021).

How SARS-CoV-2 evades the immune system,” MedicalXpress (7 December 2021).

Omicron: the global response is making it worse,” Nature (7 December 2021).

Ewen Callaway, “Beyond Omicron: what’s next for COVID’s viral evolution,” Nature (7 December 2021).

Ewen Callaway & Heidi Ledford, “How bad is Omicron? What scientists know so far,” Nature (7 December 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “Omicron-variant border bans ignore the evidence, say scientists,” Nature (2 December 2021).

Sarah Marsh et al, “Covid live: UK reports 51,342 new infections; three Pfizer shots can ‘neutralise’ Omicron, lab tests show,” The Guardian (8 December 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Covid live: fury after video about No 10 Christmas party emerges; early signs Omicron more transmissible,” The Guardian (7 December 2021).

Ian Sample & Peter Walker, “Scientists find ‘stealth’ version of Omicron that may be harder to track,” The Guardian (7 December 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Covid live: England’s health secretary says there is community transmission of Omicron across multiple regions,” The Guardian (6 December 2021).

Jem Bartholomew et al, “Covid live: UK reports 43,992 cases and 54 deaths; protests in Brussels turn violent,” The Guardian (5 December 2021).

Amy Cheng, “Omicron possibly more infectious because it shares genetic code with common cold coronavirus, study says,” The Washington Post

Robin McKie, “Omicron: what do we know about the new Covid variant?,” The Guardian (5 December 2021).

Nadeem Badshah & Sarah Marsh, “Covid news: Rio’s famous NYE party cancelled, Omicron detected in 38 countries,” The Guardian (4 December 2021).

Caroline Davies et al, “Covid live: Omicron variant could cause ‘large wave of infections’, UK scientists warn; Switzerland tightens restrictions,” The Guardian (3 December 2021).

Juliet R.C. Pulliam et al, “Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa,” medRxiv (2 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Germany to impose ‘lockdown’ on unvaccinated and could make jabs obligatory from February,” The Guardian (2 December 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Covid news live: EU chief calls for mandatory vaccinations; Germany warned over ICU capacity,” The Guardian (1 December 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: boosters may protect against Omicron, says Israel’s health minister, as US checks vaccine effectiveness,” The Guardian (30 November 2021).

Antony Sguazzin, “Doctor who saw Omicron early says symptoms different to Delta,” Bloomberg (29 November 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Covid live news: UK extends booster vaccinations; Spain, Sweden and Canada report Omicron cases,” The Guardian (29 November 2021).

Jem Bartholomew et al, “Covid live news: Third Omicron case found in UK; Netherlands confirms at least 13 cases of new variant,” The Guardian (28 November 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live: PM announces new measures after two cases of Omicron variant detected in UK,” The Guardian (27 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: EU says air travel from countries with new variant should be suspended; UK exceeds 50,000 new infections,” The Guardian (26 November 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Covid live: UK reports 47,240 new cases; Merkel urges successor to impose more restrictions in Germany,” The Guardian (25 November 2021).

Ian Sample, “Scientists warn of new Covid variant with high number of mutations,” The Guardian (24 November 2021).

Streisand Neto et al, “Covid live news: cases increase in 75% of UK local authorities; France reports sharp rise in cases,” The Guardian (23 November 2021).

Sarah Marsh et al, “Covid live: UK records 44,917 new cases; strict restrictions for unvaccinated come into effect in Greece,” The Guardian (22 November 2021).

David Cox, “Is Delta the last Covid ‘super variant’?,” The Guardian (21 November 2021).

Jem Bartholomew & Matthew Weaver, “Covid live: UK reports 40,004 new cases and 61 new deaths; Brussels protest turns violent,” The Guardian (21 November 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: three in hospital after Rotterdam lockdown protest; UK must not be complacent as cases surge in Europe, experts say,” The Guardian (20 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: German government not ruling out full lockdown; UK reports 44,242 cases and 157 deaths,” The Guardian (19 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: UK reports 46,807 new cases and 199 deaths; Austria provinces to lockdown fully amid record cases,” The Guardian (18 November 2021).

Heidi Ledford, “COVID antiviral pills: what scientists still want to know,” Nature (10 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live news: vaccine passports set to be introduced in Northern Ireland; high cases across Europe,” The Guardian (17 November 2021).

Elie Dolgin, “How protein-based COVID vaccines could change the pandemic,” Nature (11 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: Germany set to tighten rules for unvaccinated; Ireland brings in midnight curfew,” The Guardian (16 November 2021).

Sarah Marsh et al, “Covid live news: Belgium to accelerate plan for tighter measures; concern over rising Irish cases,” The Guardian (15 November 2021).

Jedidajah Otte & Caroline Davies, “Covid live: Austria puts unvaccinated under lockdown from Monday; 1 million 12-15s in England have had jab,” The Guardian (14 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Netherlands to return to partial lockdown from Saturday; UK PM warns of ‘storm clouds over Europe’,” The Guardian (12 November 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: Germany reports record 50,000 new cases; Dutch experts recommend lockdown amid record cases,” The Guardian (11 November 2021).

Hannah Devlin, “People testing negative for Covid-19 despite exposure may have ‘immune memory’,” The Guardian (10 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Russia’s coronavirus death toll passes 250,000; UK records another 214 deaths and 39,329 cases,” The Guardian (10 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Russia says workplace shutdown helped turn tide on cases; UK reports 262 deaths and 33,117 cases,” The Guardian (9 November 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: ‘Plan B’ measures in England still possible, government advisor says; sharp rise in German infections,” The Guardian (7 November 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: Russia cases hit record daily high, England speeds up booster jab rollout,” The Guardian (6 November 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live: everyone in Germany should get booster, says health minister; UK reports 194 deaths,” The Guardian (5 November 2021).

Ian Sample, “Pfizer Covid pill ‘can cut hospitalisations and deaths by nearly 90%’,” The Guardian (5 November 2021).

Jessica Glenza, “Why telling a cop you have Covid in New Jersey could get you 10 years in prison,” The Guardian (5 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: UK records 214 deaths; gene that doubles risk of respiratory failure identified,” The Guardian (4 November 2021).

Laura Spinney, “Covid-19 virus does not infect human brain cells, study suggests,” The Guardian (3 November 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: UK records 217 deaths and 41,299 new infections; US to begin vaccinating children aged 5-11,” The Guardian (3 November 2021).

David Leonhardt, “Red covid,” The New York Times (27 September 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: 248,000 children out of school in England due to Covid; Greek cases set new record high,” The Guardian (2 November 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong et al, “Coronavirus live news: global Covid death toll hits 5m; US, Brazil, India, Mexico and UK account for over half of deaths,” The Guardian (1 November 2021).

Jem Bartholomew & Rachel Hall, “Covid live news: Russia reports record new cases; China rejects US intelligence report on virus origins,” The Guardian (31 October 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK records a further 41,278 cases and 166 deaths; Thailand issues ban on rallies,” The Guardian (30 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: UK registers 43,467 new cases and 186 more deaths; Russia sets another new high for deaths,” The Guardian (29 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: Vallance warns of ‘difficult UK winter’; Moscow in partial lockdown amid record Russian cases, death,” The Guardian (28 October 2021).

Why vaccine passports are causing chaos,” The Economist (26 October 2021).

Emily Waltz, “COVID vaccine makers brace for a variant worse than Delta,” Nature (20 October 2021).

Hannah Ritchie et al, “Covid live: UK records 207 deaths and 43,941 new cases; infections surging across eastern Europe,” The Guardian (27 October 2021).

Jenna Portnoy, “Vaccine eligibility for mood disorders underscores elevated covid risk,” The Washington Post (27 October 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Covid live: UK records 40,954 new cases as Oxford vaccine boss says it’s unfair to ‘bash’ country over high cases,” The Guardian (26 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Coronavirus live: China to vaccinate children as young as three; UK records 36,567 new cases,” The Guardian (25 October 2021).

Apoorva Mandavilli, “Are vaccine boosters widely needed? Some federal advisers have misgivings,” The New York Times (25 October 2021).

Streisand Neto et al, “Covid live: more than 325,000 in England get boosters in one day as UK chancellor rejects calls for immediate ‘plan B’,” The Guardian (24 October 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: UK records a further 44,985 Covid cases; vaccines alone not enough to curb variants – WHO,” The Guardian (23 October 2021).

Lauren Leatherby, “What previous covid-19 waves tell us about the virus now,” The New York Times (23 October 2021).

Christina Pagel & Christian A. Yates, “Tackling the pandemic with (biased) data,” Science (22 October 2021).

Jose Mateus et al, “Low-dose mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine generates durable memory enhanced by cross-reactive T cells,” Science (22 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: Pfizer says jab shows 91% efficacy in children, Russia reports record deaths for fourth day,” The Guardian (22 October 2021).

The impact of vaccine mandates is modest, but potentially crucial,” The Economist (23 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Coronavirus live: Russia Covid deaths still at record highs; Sweden extends Moderna jab pause for under-30s,” The Guardian (21 October 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Covid live: Russia to close workplaces; Singapore records highest daily death toll since start of pandemic,” The Guardian (20 October 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “China’s COVID vaccines have been crucial — now immunity is waning,” Nature (14 October 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Coronavirus news live: UK reports 223 deaths in highest daily total since March; Moscow tells elderly to stay indoors,” The Guardian (19 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: UK reports close to 50,000 new cases as government warns of ‘challenging’ months ahead,” The Guardian (18 October 2021).

Jem Bartholomew & Alexandra Topping, “Covid news live: UK records 45,140 cases; Russia sees 997 deaths as cases continue to soar,” The Guardian (17 October 2021).

Damien Gayle & Aamna Mohdin, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 43,423 new Covid cases; tens of thousands of antifascists and trade unionists rally in Rome,” The Guardian (16 October 2021).

Sui-Lee Wee, “They had the vaccines and a plan to reopen. Instead they got cold feet,” The Guardian (16 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: UK reports 45,066 new cases, highest since mid-July; Russia daily cases pass 30,000 for first time,” The Guardian (14 October 2021).

Sarah Temmam et al, “Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor-binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula,” Nature Portfolio (17 September 2021).

Jane Clinton et al, “Coronavirus live: 42,776 new cases in the UK; travellers stranded after NHS Covid vaccination pass app crashes,” The Guardian (13 October 2021).

Carolina Lucas et al, “Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity,” Nature (11 October 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “COVID vaccines cut the risk of transmitting Delta — but not for long,” Nature (5 October 2021).

Haroon Siddique et al, “Covid live: UK reports 38,520 cases and a further 181 deaths; Moderna backs booster jabs ahead of FDA hearing,” The Guardian (12 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: UK reports over 40,000 new cases; immunocompromised people should get boosters, says WHO,” The Guardian (11 October 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 34,950 cases as two million receive booster jabs; Italy records 46 deaths,” The Guardian (9 October 2021).

Nicola Davis, “Covid crisis dramatically worsened global mental health, study find,” The Guardian (8 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Coronavirus live: Russian Covid deaths in August hit at least 49,389; UK reports 36,060 new cases,” The Guardian (8 October 2021).

A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus,” World Health Organization (6 October 2021).

Laura Spinney, “Could the global Covid death toll be millions higher than thought?,” The Guardian (8 October 2021).

Natural infection versus vaccination: Differences in COVID antibody responses emerge,” Medical Xpress (7 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Coronavirus live: 1.1m in UK estimated to have long Covid; Germany has jabbed millions more people than thought,” The Guardian (7 October 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports 39,851 new cases; Sweden pauses Moderna vaccine for younger age groups,” The Guardian (6 October 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports 33,869 new cases as more than 100,000 English schoolchildren are off with Covid,” The Guardian (5 October 2021).

Ankita Rao, “Why are so many pregnant women not taking the vaccine?,” The Guardian (5 October 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: Kremlin pleads for people to get jab; EU regulator backs mRNA booster for those with weak immunity,” The Guardian (4 October 2021).

Harry Taylor, “Covid: scientists warn UK may have worst to come; Israel tightens vaccine passport rules – as it happened,” The Guardian (3 October 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: global deaths pass 5m; UK care home workers refusing jab told to ‘get another job’,” The Guardian (2 October 2021).

Jon Cohen, “New Chinese vaccine could bolster global arsenal,” Science (1 October 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Coronavirus live: one in 20 secondary school pupils in England had Covid last week; India to quarantine UK arrivals,” The Guardian (1 October 2021).

Hannah Devlin, “Covid antiviral pill halves hospitalisations and deaths, maker say,” The Guardian (1 October 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “Closest known relatives of virus behind COVID-19 found in Laos,” Nature (27 September 2021).

Elie Dolgin, “COVID vaccine immunity is waning — how much does that matter?,” Nature (17 September 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Ukraine reports highest daily cases since April; number of positive tests rise in England,” The Guardian (30 September 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Covid live news: UK reports 36,722 new cases as weekly deaths in Scotland highest since February,” The Guardian (29 September 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: Scotland delays vaccine passport enforcement; Turkey vows not to close schools despite cases rise,” The Guardian (28 September 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live news: UK records 40 more deaths and 37,960 new cases; Japan to lift state of emergency,” The Guardian (27 September 2021).

Charlie Moloney & Tom Ambrose, “Covid live: more than 70 million Americans still unvaccinated; brawls mar reopening of bars in Norway,” The Guardian (26 September 2021).

Robyn Vinter & Clea Skopeliti, “Coronavirus live news: UK death toll rises by 122; Cuba exports three-shot Abdala vaccine to Vietnam,” The Guardian (25 September 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live: Novavax applies for WHO emergency use approval; UK reports 36,710 new cases,” The Guardian (23 September 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “Did the coronavirus jump from animals to people twice?,” Nature (16 September 2021).

Tom Ambrose et al, “Covid live: transmission in England highest among 12- to 15-year-olds; Germany quarantine pay to end for unvaccinated,” The Guardian (22 September 2021).

Harriet Grant et al, “Covid live: 31,564 new cases in UK; EU set to accept NHS pass as proof of vaccination,” The Guardian (21 September 2021).

Harriet Grant et al, “Covid live: UK records 36,100 new cases; Pfizer vaccine safe for children aged 5-11, company says,” The Guardian (20 September 2021).

Charlie Moloney & Haroon Siddique, “Coronavirus live news: 1.5million people in England to receive booster jab invite,” The Guardian (19 September 2021).

Mike Ives, “The covid crisis is now a garbage crisis, too,” The New York Times (18 September 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK records a further 164 deaths and 30,144 new cases; anti-vaxxers protest in London,” The Guardian (18 September 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live news: Ireland first EU state to vaccinate 90% of population; Africa jabs shortfall ‘risks deadly variants’,” The Guardian (17 September 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live news: 90% of young adults in UK likely to have antibodies; China has vaccinated 1bn people,” The Guardian (16 September 2021).

Kevin Rawlinson et al, “Covid live: thousands of unvaccinated French health workers face suspension; Italy ‘green pass’ to be mandatory in private sector,” The Guardian (15 September 2021).

Oluwasanmi O Adenaiye et al, “Infectious sars-cov-2 in exhaled aerosols and efficacy of masks during early mild infection,” Clinical Infectious Diseases (14 September 2021).

Elie Dolgin, “The tangled history of mRNA vaccines,” Nature (14 September 2021).

Leslie Roberts, “How COVID is derailing the fight against HIV, TB and malaria,” Nature (10 September 2021).

Kevin Rawlinson et al, “Coronavirus live news: Africa ‘left behind by rest of the world’ on vaccines, says WHO; Putin self-isolating,” The Guardian (14 September 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Covid live: UK and EU urged to stop blocking vaccine patent waiver; ‘sudden and severe wave’ in Syria’s Idlib,” The Guardian (13 September 2021).

Eva Dou et al, “Inside the Wuhan lab: French engineering, deadly viruses and a big mystery,” The Washington Post (13 September 2021).

Euan O’Byrne Mulligan et al, “Coronavirus live news: England to scrap Covid vaccine passport plans; Sri Lanka faces food shortages,” The Guardian (12 September 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK records a further 156 deaths; thousands protest in Turkey against Covid measures,” The Guardian (11 September 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live: case rates rise in 92% of UK’s local areas; Greece introduces fines for issuing fake vaccination certificates,” The Guardian (10 September 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live: Scotland to require vaccine passports from 1 October; fears over German vaccine campaign,” The Guardian (9 September 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live: vaccine-sharing scheme to get 575m fewer shots than thought; UK reports 38,975 new cases,” The Guardian (8 September 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Italy to start offering third doses to clinically vulnerable people; Philippines delays easing of lockdown,” The Guardian (7 September 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 41,192 new cases and 45 further deaths; Philippines infections reach new high,” The Guardian (6 September 2021).

Jane Clinton & Matthew Weaver, “Coronavirus live: passports ‘needed to keep England venues open’; Vietnam says city residents must get vaccine,” The Guardian (5 September 2021).

Tom Ambrose & Harriet Grant, “Coronavirus live news: Denmark to give third jab to care home residents; UK watchdog rules out vaccine for children,” The Guardian (3 September 2021).

Jon Cohen, “The hunt for SARS-CoV-2’s ancestors heats up,” Science (3 September 2021).

Meredith Wadman, “Having SARS-CoV-2 once confers much greater immunity than a vaccine—but vaccination remains vital,” Science (26 August 2021).

Tom Ambrose & Robyn Vinter, “Coronavirus live news: Bulgaria tightens restrictions ahead of expected surge; further 178 UK deaths reported,” The Guardian (2 September 2021).

Alexandra Topping et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK records 207 deaths within 28 days of Covid test; France rolls out booster jabs for over-65s and vulnerable,” The Guardian (1 September 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: Israel reports record daily Covid cases; Ireland to remove all restrictions by 31 October,” The Guardian (31 August 2021).

Melissa Davey, “What is C.1.2, the new Covid variant in South Africa, and should we be worried?,” The Guardian (31 August 2021).

Alex Mistlin et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO expects 236,000 more Covid deaths in Europe by December; Philippines reports record high for new infections,” The Guardian (30 August 2021).

New Covid variant, C.1.2, may be more infectious, evade vaccine protection: Study,” India Today (30 August 2021).

Tom Ambrose, “Coronavirus live news: Australia reports over 1,000 new cases; England’s Covid infections are 26 times up on a year ago – as it happened,” The Guardian (29 August 2021).

Léonie Chao-Fong, “Coronavirus live news: return to school could lead to sharp rise in cases, UK expert warns; Vietnam reports 352 deaths,” The Guardian (28 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 100 deaths and 38,046 new cases – as it happened,” The Guardian (27 August 2021).

Largest real-world study of COVID-19 vaccine safety published,” Phys.org (26 August 2021).

COVID-19 is most transmissible 2 days before and 3 days after symptoms appear,” ScienceDaily (25 August 2021).

Yasmin Tayag, “Why has the CDC stopped collecting data on breakthrough Covid cases?,” The Guardian (6 August 2021).

Spyros Lytras et al, “The animal origin of SARS-CoV-2,” Science (27 August 2021).

Chia C. Wang et al, “Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses,” Science (27 August 2021).

Gretchen Vogel, “Unethical? Unnecessary? The booster debate intensifies,” Science (27 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: case rates rising in most areas of England; jabs from halted Moderna batch used in Japan,” The Guardian (26 August 2021).

Ewen Callaway, “The mutation that helps Delta spread like wildfire,” Nature (20 August 2021).

Megan Scudellari, “How the coronavirus infects cells — and why Delta is so dangerous,” Nature (28 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: warning over large gatherings as UK reports 35,847 cases; Pfizer seeks US approval for booster jab,” The Guardian (25 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Biden to be briefed on US Covid origins report; UK reports 30,838 new infections,” The Guardian (24 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: soldiers to enforce Ho Chi Minh lockdown; UK reports 31,914 new cases,” The Guardian (23 August 2021).

Leonie Chao-Fong & Clea Skopeliti, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 32,253 new cases as Ho Chi Minh City prepares for lockdown,” The Guardian (22 August 2021).

Annie Linskey et al, “Four weeks in July: Inside the Biden administration’s struggle to contain the delta surge,” The Washington Post (22 August 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: UK death toll rises by 104; fears of ‘super-spreader’ Trump rally,” The Guardian (21 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Sri Lanka to impose nationwide lockdown; one in 80 people in England had Covid last week,” The Guardian (20 August 2021).

Sheri Fink, “Maker of popular covid test told factory to destroy inventory,” The New York Times (20 August 2021).

Kai Kupferschmidt, “New variants have changed the face of the pandemic. What will the virus do next?,” Science (20 August 2021).

Kai Kupferschmidt, “Do chronic infections breed dangerous new variants?,” Science (20 August 2021).

Naveed Sattar & Jonathan Valabhji, “Obesity as a risk factor for severe covid-19: Summary of the best evidence and implications for health care,” Current Obesity Reports (10 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: Barcelona curfew ‘not justified’ as infection rates fall, court rules; Japan reports record cases,” The Guardian (19 August 2021).

Natalie Glover, “Jabbed adults infected with Delta ‘can match virus levels of unvaccinated’,” The Guardian (19 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: New Zealand battles Delta outbreak; 90% of adults received at least one vaccine dose in Ireland,” The Guardian (18 August 2021).

Apoorva Mandavilli, “In a handful of states, early data hint at a rise in breakthrough infections,” The New York Times (17 August 2021).

Eva Corlett & Tim McClure, “Growing New Zealand Covid cluster linked to Sydney Delta outbreak,” The Guardian (17 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK regulator approves Moderna for over-12s; Thai police use water cannon on Covid protesters,” The Guardian (17 August 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Covid live news: England’s R number between 0.8 and 1.0; Thailand predicts daily cases to double by next month,” The Guardian (13 August 2021).

Christina Pagel, “Common myths about Covid – debunked,” The Guardian (13 August 2021).

Oliver Milman, “Wildfire smoke has caused rise in Covid infections and deaths, study finds,” The Guardian (13 August 2021).

Natalie Grover, “Children born during pandemic have lower IQs, US study finds,” The Guardian (13 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: UK reports 33,074 new cases and 94 deaths; Ireland registers over-12s for jabs,” The Guardian (12 August 2021).

Nidhi Subbaraman, “How do vaccinated people spread Delta? What the science says,” Nature (12 August 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Covid live: UK sending poor countries ‘to back of queue’ by ordering boosters; Iran calls for urgent pandemic action,” The Guardian (11 August 2021).

CDC urges pregnant women to get Covid vaccine, finding no increased risk of miscarriage,” The Guardian (11 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: UK’s daily death toll at highest level since March while over 75% of adults now fully jabbed,” The Guardian (10 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: one Covid death every two minutes in Iran, reports say; Italian police warn over fake ‘green passes’,” The Guardian (9 August 20217).

Joel Achenbach et al, “‘Goldilocks virus’: Delta vanquishes all variant rivals as scientists race to understand its tricks,” The Washington Post (8 August 2021).

Nicola Slawson, “Covid live: UK allows quarantine-free travel from France as restrictions change,” The Guardian (8 August 20217).

Sarah Marsh & Nicola Slawson, “Coronavirus live news: Sage scientist ‘cautiously optimistic’ no need for further lockdowns; protests in France over health pass for fourth week,” The Guardian (7 August 20217).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live: EU regulator finds no link between vaccines and menstrual disorders; UK 16-year-olds offered jabs,” The Guardian (6 August 2021).

Yasmin Tayag, “Why has the CDC stopped collecting data on breakthrough Covid cases?,” The Guardian (6 August 2021).

A COVID-19 biomarker: Low blood levels of sphingosine predict symptomatic infections,” Medical Xpress (5 August 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live news: controversial France health pass lawful, says court; UK reports 30,215 cases and 86 deaths,” The Guardian (5 August 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO calls for moratorium on vaccine boosters to speed up global first doses,” The Guardian (4 August 2021).

Vincint Ni, “With the Delta variant spreading is China’s ‘zero tolerance’ Covid approach over?,” The Guardian (4 August 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports 138 deaths amid 21,691 new cases; row in Germany over jabbing children,” The Guardian (3 August 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Iran posts new record daily cases; Philippines gearing up for strictest lockdown,” The Guardian (2 August 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports 24,470 new Covid cases; Fauci rules out new US lockdowns,” The Guardian (1 August 2021).

Damien Gayle, “Coronavirus live: England’s top midwife urges pregnant women to get jab, Vietnam to extend lockdown as cases soar,” The Guardian (31 July 2021).

Yasmeen Abutaleb et al, “‘The war has changed’: Internal CDC document urges new messaging, warns delta infections likely more severe,” The Washington Post (30 July 2021).

Meredith Wadman, “The overlooked superpower of mRNA vaccines,” Science (30 July 2021).

Aled Edwards & Ingo V. Hartung, “No shortcuts to SARS-CoV-2 antivirals,” Science (30 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Kenya bans gatherings as cases rise; Delta variant nearly 95% of cases in Italy,” The Guardian (30 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Pakistan to ban air travel for unvaccinated; Israel ‘to offer Pfizer booster shot’,” The Guardian (29 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Pfizer jab efficacy drops to 84% over six months; France to bring in health pass on 9 August,” The Guardian (28 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports 23,511 cases in seventh daily drop in a row; Ireland to vaccinate children over 12,” The Guardian (27 July 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live: US keeps travel ban on UK and Schengen area; Thailand reports record case numbers,” The Guardian (26 July 2021).

Caroline Davies, “Today’s Covid news: UK health secretary apologises over ‘cower’ tweet; Indonesia extends virus restrictions,” The Guardian (25 July 2021)

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: England’s health secretary recovers from Covid; Italy records further 5,000 cases,” The Guardian (24 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Indonesia reports record daily deaths; Philippines bans children from going out,” The Guardian (23 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: more than half of all European adults fully vaccinated; more Olympic athletes test positive in Tokyo,” The Guardian (22 July 2021).

Sara Reardon, “How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread,” Nature (21 July 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: Covid hospitalisations in England highest since February; Chile approves Sputnik V vaccine,” The Guardian (21 July 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Covid live news: England’s health secretary tests positive, UK cases rise to 54, 674, Greece introduces restrictions in Mykonos,” The Guardian (17 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live news: WHO calls for Wuhan lab audit after first mission controversy; Canada to open to vaccinated travellers,” The Guardian (16 July 2021).

Matthew Weaver et al, “Covid live: UK reports 48,553 new cases in highest total since mid-January; WHO criticises ‘vaccination for travel’ rules,” The Guardian (15 July 2021).

Andreas Radbruch & Hyun-Dong Chang, “A long-term perspective on immunity to covid,” Nature (14 July 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: riots hamper medical services in Covid ravaged South Africa; record cases in Indonesia and Vietnam,” The Guardian (14 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports highest deaths since early April; Germany will not mandate jabs like France,” The Guardian (13 July 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live: Dutch PM sorry for opening up too soon as cases surge; Thailand to mix AstraZeneca and Sinovac,” The Guardian (12 July 2021).

Alexandra Topping, “Covid live news: Vietnam reports record daily case numbers; 1,007 deaths in 24 hours period in Indonesia,” The Guardian (11 July 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live: UK daily death toll rises to 34; police urge ticketless England fans not to travel to London,” The Guardian (10 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live: proposal for compulsory jabs for France frontline workers; worst of pandemic ‘over for some countries’,” The Guardian (9 July 2021).

Jon Cohen, “Can immune responses predict which vaccines work best?,” Science (9 July 2021).

Cathleen O’Grady, “Sex and gender missing in COVID-19 data,” Science (9 July 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Tokyo Olympics to be held without spectators; jabs mandatory for some workers in Greece,” The Guardian (8 July 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports more than 32,000 daily cases; record 1,040 daily deaths in Indonesia,” The Guardian (7 July 2021).

Michael Marshall, “COVID and the brain: researchers zero in on how damage occurs,” Nature (7 July 2021).

Elie Dolgin, “Is one vaccine dose enough if you’ve had COVID? What the science says,” Nature (25 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Greece cases rise sharply after weeks of declining numbers; new measures in Catalonia,” The Guardian (6 July 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live: record number of cases recorded across Africa; Bangladesh reports record 164 deaths,” The Guardian (5 July 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed & Clea Skopeliti, “Coronavirus live news: scrapping quarantine for double jabbed being considered; Vietnam reports highest daily total,” The Guardian (3 July 2021).

Miranda Bryant et al, “Coronavirus live: India official death toll passes 400,000; 1 in 260 in England had Covid last week,” The Guardian (1 July 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live: Germans told to take Pfizer or Moderna as second dose after AstraZeneca for better protection,” The Guardian (1 July 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live news: UK records 26,068 cases, most since January; pandemic end is ‘distant future’ in Latin America,” The Guardian (30 June 2021).

How a COVID-19 infection changes blood cells in the long run,” ScienceDaily (29 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Ireland to restrict indoor dining to fully vaccinated people; Malta to ban unvaccinated British visitors,” The Guardian (29 June 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Hong Kong to ban flights from ‘high risk’ UK; Portugal to quarantine unvaccinated Britons,” The Guardian (28 June 2021).

Jon Henley, “Global report: rise in Delta variant cases forces tougher restrictions,” The Guardian (27 June 2021).

Michael McGowan, “NSW Covid live updates: Sydney in lockdown as 30 new coronavirus cases reported and Virgin Australia flight attendant tests positive,” The Guardian (27 June 2021).

Harry Taylor et al, “Coronavirus live: UK infections rise by nearly 50% in week as 15,810 new cases reported; Delta variant surging in Italy,” The Guardian (25 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Macron joins Merkel in call for EU to coordinate quarantine for non-EU countries such as UK,” The Guardian (24 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live: Merkel says all EU states should quarantine UK arrivals; 10% of new French cases are Delta variant,” The Guardian (23 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: China could keep border restrictions for a year, report says; Italy to lift outdoor mask rules,The Guardian (22 June 2021).

Claire Gilbody-Dickerson & Ben Quinn, “Covid live: UK records 9,284 new ,”cases; France lifts outdoor mask-wearing and curfew rules,” The Guardian (20 June 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: queues for jabs at English football grounds; Brazil expected to pass 500,000 deaths,” The Guardian (19 June 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Covid live: Delta variant becoming globally dominant, WHO says as expert calls Africa’s case trajectory ‘very, very concerning’,” The Guardian (18 June 2021).

Ben Quinn et al, “Coronavirus live news: Indonesian doctors ill despite Sinovac shots; Tokyo to lift emergency before Olympics,” The Guardian (17 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: France to bring curfew-lifting date forward; row as India doubles gap between jabs,” The Guardian (16 June 2021).

The delta variant is the most dangerous SARS-CoV-2 mutation yet,” The Economist (16 June 2021).

Pam Belluck, “Many post-covid patients are experiencing new medical problems, study finds,” The New York Times (15 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Oman detects ‘black fungus’ infection; 12-year-olds in France get first vaccination,” The Guardian (15 June 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Indonesia fears peak in July with hospitals filling; Thailand vaccine supplies disrupted,” The Guardian (14 June 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live: UK cases up by 2,000 for second week in a row; G7 calls for expert-led study on origins of Covid,” The Guardian (13 June 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Covid live news: UK records a further 7,738 cases as Johnson cautious over lockdown easing; Vietnam approves Pfizer vaccine for emergency use,” The Guardian (12 June 2021).

David Cox, “Why are women more prone to long Covid?,” The Guardian (12 June 2021).

Covid live updates: China’s doctors warn cases are more severe in its latest outbreak,” The New York Times (12 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Covid live: UK reports 8,125 daily cases, most since February, as doctors call for delay to lockdown easing,” The Guardian (11 June 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live: WHO warns of autumn resurgence in Europe; England’s health secretary denies PPE shortages,” The Guardian (10 June 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus live: Portugal delays Lisbon lockdown easing; highest daily cases in Russia since March,” The Guardian (9 June 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live news: Indian PM Modi announces free jabs for all over-18s; Norway to shorten vaccine interval,” The Guardian (7 June 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Covid live: UK records 5,341 new cases; eradicating virus not ‘reasonable target’, says WHO official,” The Guardian (6 June 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Italy gives 600,000 jabs in a day; doubts over England reopening plan,” The Guardian (5 June 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Putin claims money is reason for EU delay of Sputnik V approval; France to welcome vaccinated tourists,” The Guardian (4 June 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live news: Italy opens vaccinations for all over-12s; over 2bn Covid jabs given worldwide,” The Guardian (3 June 2021).

Adam Taylor & Paul Schemm, “China’s great vaccine hope, Sinopharm, sees reputation darkened amid covid spikes in countries using it,” The Washington Post (3 June 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Covid live news: Germany to build vaccine reserves for future pandemics; EU adds Japan to safe travel list,” The Guardian (2 June 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Coronavirus live news: India aims for 10m Covid jabs a day by July; WHO approves Chinese Sinovac jab,” The Guardian (1 June 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: France tightens travel from UK over India variant; Japan mulls tests for Olympics fans,” The Guardian (31 May 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Covid live news: UK considering compulsory vaccination for NHS staff; Malaysia to increase immunisation efforts,” The Guardian (30 May 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus news: UK records another 3,398 cases and seven deaths; Italy reports fall in daily fatalities,” The Guardian (29 May 2021).

Assessing the theory that covid-19 leaked from a Chinese lab,” The Economist (29 May 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU regulator approves Pfizer vaccine for over-12s; lockdown easing to start in Delhi,” The Guardian (28 May 2021).

Anthony King, “Two more coronaviruses may infect people,” Science (28 May 2021).

Andrew Briggs & Anna Vassall, “Count the cost of disability caused by COVID-19,” Nature (26 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Covid live: Biden ‘likely’ to release full report on virus origins; Germany to offer jab to children aged 12 and over,” The Guardian (27 May 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Belgium limits J&J jab to over 41s; UK arrivals to France must quarantine due to India variant,” The Guardian (26 May 2021).

Lynne Peeples, “What the science says about lifting mask mandates,” Nature (25 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Austria bans flights from UK over variant fears; US advises against travel to Japan,” The Guardian (25 May 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Taiwan records six more deaths and hundreds more cases; Sri Lanka extends travel ban,” The Guardian (24 May 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Israel to end curbs as cases tumble,” The Guardian (23 May 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Britain records 2,694 new Covid cases; Dominic Cummings criticises government over lockdowns,” The Guardian (22 May 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live: people with blood clots after AZ jab won’t get second dose, says EMA; England cases rise for first time in weeks,” The Guardian (21 May 2021).

Rachel Hall et al, “Coronavirus live: two doses of AstraZeneca jab 85%-90% effective; vaccines work against variants – WHO,” The Guardian (20 May 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU to allow fully vaccinated visitors; India passes US for record daily deaths,” The Guardian (19 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany reports first case of Indian variant; India suffers record daily deaths,” The Guardian (18 May 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live: Taiwan scrambling for vaccines as cases surge; Malaysia records highest daily Covid death toll,” The Guardian (17 May 2021).

Clea Skopeliti & Caroline Davies, “Covid live: Matt Hancock says ‘high degree of confidence’ vaccines work against Indian variant, but urges caution,” The Guardian (16 May 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Coronavirus: England to continue lockdown easing despite India variant fears; Taiwan raises Covid alert; Australia runs first repatriation flight from India,” The Guardian (15 May 2021).

Covid live updates: More than 70 percent of older U.S. adults are fully vaccinated,” The New York Times (15 May 2021).

Tobi Thomas et al, “Coronavirus live: second pandemic year to be deadlier than first, warns WHO; Germany to mark UK as risk area,” The Guardian (14 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Covid live news: South Africa death toll higher than official tally; UK anxious about Indian variant – Boris Johnson,” The Guardian (13 May 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “China’s COVID vaccines are going global — but questions remain,” Nature (12 May 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: jabs like Pfizer and Moderna appear able to ‘neutralise’ Indian variant, says EMACoronavirus live news: jabs like Pfizer and Moderna appear able to ‘neutralise’ Indian variant, says EMA,” The Guardian (12 May 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Scotland to allow indoor meetings from Monday; arrests at AstraZeneca patent protest,” The Guardian (11 May 2021).

Gayathri Vaidyanathan, “Coronavirus variants are spreading in India — what scientists know so far,” Nature (11 May 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: vaccines offer high protection against death, report finds; Malaysia to enter lockdown,” The Guardian (10 May 2021).

Jedidajah Otte, “Covid live news: EU not renewing orders for AstraZeneca jabs after June; third of UK adults fully vaccinated,” The Guardian (9 May 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live news: Merkel says vaccine patent waiver ‘not the solution’; UK ‘to be protected by summer,” The Guardian (8 May 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reclassifies Indian variant as variant of concern; Germany ‘to recommend J&J vaccine for over-60s’,” The Guardian (7 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: seven cases of Indian variant confirmed in Northern Ireland; EU to speed up Covid drugs approval,” The Guardian (6 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: Egypt to close shops and restaurants for two weeks; Kenya detects Indian variant,” The Guardian (5 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: India passes 20m cases; German plan to give more freedoms to fully vaccinated ‘unfair’,” The Guardian (4 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: Boris Johnson urges caution over foreign holidays as EU recommends easing travel measures,” The Guardian (3 May 2021).

Edna Mohamed et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK in ‘last lap’ of Covid fight; India sees record number of deaths,” The Guardian (2 May 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: surge testing to begin in east London after South African and Brazilian variants detected; WHO approves Moderna vaccine for emergency use,” The Guardian (1 May 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: record daily deaths in Turkey; South Africa regulator approves J&J shot for pregnant women,” The Guardian (30 April 2021).

Hyeryun Choe & Michael Farzan, “How SARS-CoV-2 first adapted in humans,” Science (30 April 2021).

Jennifer Couzin-Frankel, “Relief and worry for immune-suppressed people,” Science (30 April 2021).

Jun Zhang et al, “Structural impact on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by D614G substitution,” Science (30 April 2021).

Researchers are closing in on long covid,” The Economist (29 April 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live: WHO warns Europe of Covid spikes if curbs eased prematurely as France aims to relax curfew in May,” The Guardian (29 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: India deaths pass 200,000; Poland announces plan to lift lockdown,” The Guardian (28 April 2021).

Only one in four people experience mild systemic side effects from COVID-19 vaccines, study finds,” ScienceDaily (28 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: more countries tighten travel restrictions for arrivals from India,” The Guardian (27 April 2021).

Steven Findlay, “‘How did that happen?’ Catching covid-19 even after being vaccinated,” The Washington Post (27 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU launches legal action against AstraZeneca; new India cases top 300,000 for fifth day,” The Guardian (26 April 2021).

Kaamil Ahmed et al, “Covid live: Indian PM Narendra Modi says ‘storm’ of coronavirus infections has shaken country,” The Guardian (25 April 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: more than half of UK population has had first Covid jab; Germany restricts travel from India,” The Guardian (24 April 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live news: India sees global record cases for second day; EU to strike world’s largest vaccine deal with Pfizer,” The Guardian (23 April 2021).

Jonathan Pekar et al, “Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province,” Science (23 April 2021).

Ben Quinn et al, “Coronavirus live: EU legal action against AstraZeneca over delays; Indian hospitals face oxygen shortage,” The Guardian (22 April 2021).

Pam Belluck, “Patients with long covid face lingering worrisome health risks, study finds,” The New York Times (22 April 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: France to launch J&J vaccine rollout; India sees over 200,000 new cases again,” The Guardian (21 April 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “India’s massive COVID surge puzzles scientists,” Nature (21 April 2021).

Leslie Roberts, “How COVID hurt the fight against other dangerous diseases,” Nature (21 April 2021).

Heidi Ledford, “COVID vaccines and blood clots: five key questions,” Nature (16 April 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: blood clot warning should be added to Johnson & Johnson vaccine label, says EMA,” The Guardian (20 April 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU may not renew AstraZeneca contract; US widens vaccine rollout to over-15s,” The Guardian (19 April 2021).

Molly Blackall, “Coronavirus live news: Gaza sees record death toll; calls for Boris Johnson to cancel India trip over new variant,” The Guardian (18 April 2021).

Ian Sample, “What are the new Covid variants and what do they mean for the pandemic?,” The Guardian (16 April 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live news: Latvia offers mass vaccinations to clear AstraZeneca backlog; Germany removes UK from risk list,” The Guardian (16 April 2021).

Patients who are overweight or obese at risk of more severe COVID-19, study finds,” ScienceDaily (16 April 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live news: Merkel will receive AstraZeneca vaccine; Northern Ireland lockdown easing to be unveiled,” The Guardian (15 April 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Johnson & Johnson ‘pause’ shakes vaccinations worldwide,” The New York Times (15 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: France to administer J&J vaccine as planned while Sweden pauses rollout,” The Guardian (14 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Johnson & Johnson to ‘proactively delay’ vaccine rollout in Europe over blood clot reports,” The Guardian (13 April 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: India overtakes Brazil in cases; Italy row over plans for ‘Covid-free’ holiday islands,” The Guardian (12 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Covid live: Iran records its highest daily death toll this year; India administers 100m doses of coronavirus vaccine,” The Guardian (11 April 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: India’s cases surging as deadly second wave spreads, Iran imposes 10-day lockdown,” The Guardian (10 April 2021).

James Tapper, “Global Covid vaccine rollout threatened by shortage of vital components,” The Guardian (10 April 2021).

Rhi Storer et al, “Coronavirus live: EMA reviewing AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines over rare side effect reports,” The Guardian (9 April 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Bangkok warns outbreak could take two months to control; India reports record new cases,” The Guardian (8 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: EMA finds possible link between AstraZeneca jab and rare cases of unusual blood clots,” The Guardian (7 April 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: EMA denies establishing link between AstraZeneca vaccine and rare blood clots,” The Guardian (6 April 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Covid live: UK opposition fear vaccine passport could force jab on people; Italy cuts quarantine for people from 30 countries,” The Guardian (5 April 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live: Portugal U-turns on allowing travel to Spain; Covid vaccine passports to be trialled in England,” The Guardian (4 April 2021).

Harry Taylor et al, “Coronavirus live news: Number fully vaccinated in UK passes 5m milestone; Argentina’s leader tests positive,” The Guardian (3 April 2021).

Mujib Mashal et al, “Covid-19 live updates: with vaccinations rising fast, the U.S. faces the threat of complacency,” The New York Times (3 April 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Covid live: Netherlands halts use of AstraZeneca jab for under 60s – reports; warning against UK indoor gatherings,” The Guardian (2 April 2021).

Gretchen Vogel & Kai Kupferschmidt, “Side effect worry grows for AstraZeneca vaccine,” Science (2 April 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: nearly 67,000 die of Covid in Brazil in March; Sicilian health chief quits over ‘faked Covid data’,” The Guardian (1 April 2021).

Jon Hensley et al, “Covid vaccine scheme ‘unacceptably slow’ in Europe, says WHO,” The Guardian (1 April 2021).

Dyani Lewis, “Why indoor spaces are still prime COVID hotspots,” Nature (30 March 2021).

Philip Oltermann, “Leaders of Covid-hit German states call for national lockdown,” The Guardian (1 April 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Hope competes with concern in virus strongholds,” The New York Times (1 April 2021).

B.1.1.7 variant of COVID-19 spreading rapidly in United States,” ScienceDaily (31 March 2021).

COVID-19 antibody tests, even rapid finger pricks, are effective, new study finds,” ScienceDaily (31 March 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: German vaccine regulator advises against using AstraZeneca jab in under-60s,” The Guardian (30 March 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: France ICU cases climbing rapidly; US concern over WHO Covid origins report,” The Guardian (29 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines are very effective against infections, C.D.C. says,” The New York Times (29 March 2021).

Mark G. Thompson et al, “Interim estimates of vaccine effectiveness of bnt162b2 and mRNA-1273 covid-19 vaccines in preventing sars-cov-2 infection among health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers — eight U.S. locations, December 2020–March 2021,” CDC (29 March 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: France will catch up with UK vaccine rollout in weeks, says Macron,” The Guardian (28 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: England passes 25m first vaccine dose milestone; Brazil daily deaths near 4,000 amid surge,” The Guardian (27 March 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany could face 100,000 cases a day, expert warns; EMA approves Halix vaccine factory,” The Guardian (26 March 2021).

Gretchen Vogel & Kai Kupferschmidt, “New problems erode confidence in AstraZeneca’s vaccine,” Science (26 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany reports big jump in cases; Sweden to resume AstraZeneca jabs for over-65s,” The Guardian (25 March 2021).

Astrazeneca, after rebuke, releases new data supporting its vaccine,” The New York Times (25 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: India ‘pauses AstraZeneca vaccine exports’; Belgium closes schools and shops again,” The Guardian (24 March 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty & Ewen Callaway, “What scientists do and don’t know about the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID vaccine,” Nature (24 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: vaccine cache in Italy raises suspicions as E.U. plans to cut exports,” The New York Times (23 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Spain to lift curbs on arrivals from Britain; Fauci says AstraZeneca jab ‘likely very good’,” The Guardian (23 March 2021).

Pam Belluck, “They had mild covid. Then their serious symptoms kicked in,” The New York Times (23 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.S. health officials question AstraZeneca vaccine trial results,” The New York Times (23 March 2021).

Rebecca Robbins & Sharon LaFraniere, “U.S. health officials question AstraZeneca vaccine trial results,” The Washington Post (23 March 2021).

Mark Landler & Stephen Castle, “As Europe’s lockdowns drag on, police and protesters clash,” The New York Times (23 March 2021).

Christopher Knaus, “Australia’s Covid vaccine rollout hit by ‘significant’ teething errors, health department admits,” The Guardian (23 March 2021).

Nadeem Badshah et al, “Coronavirus live news: Irish PM speaks out against vaccine export ban; Germany could allow Easter family visits despite third wave,” The Guardian (22 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: AstraZeneca vaccine is 79% effective in U.S. study,” The New York Times (22 March 2021).

Michael Birnbaum et al, “AstraZeneca, once touted as a pandemic slayer, faces challenges,” The Washington Post (22 March 2021).

Matthew Weaver & Helen Sullivan, “Coronavirus live news: UK sets new record of 873,784 daily vaccinations; Germany mulls quarantine plan,” The Guardian (21 March 2021).

Edna Mohamed & Jedidajah Otte, “Coronavirus live: England sets daily jabs record; Von der Leyen issues fresh warning to AstraZeneca,” The Guardian (20 March 2021).

China’s first local Covid case since February had been vaccinated – state media,” The Guardian (20 March 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Netherlands cases jump sharply; warning German hospitals ‘could be overwhelmed’,” The Guardian (19 March 2021).

Linda Geddes, “Covid: viral shedding is greatest in afternoon, study suggests,” The Guardian (19 March 2021).

Angela L. Rasmussen & Saskia V. Popescu, “SARS-CoV-2 transmission without symptoms,” Science (19 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: EMA holds briefing on AstraZeneca jab safety; EU countries back vaccine export threat,” The Guardian (18 March 2021).

Jonathan Pekar et al, “Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province,” Science (18 March 2021).

Novel coronavirus circulated undetected months before first COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China,” ScienceDaily (18 March 2021).

Tobi Thomas et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK foreign secretary says EU threat to block vaccine exports needs explaining,” The Guardian (17 March 2021).

SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific viral entry factors,” ScienceDaily (17 March 2021).

Pam Belluck, “Some long covid patients feel much better after getting the vaccine,” The New York Times (17 March 2021).

Matthew Weaver et al, “Coronavirus live news: France, Italy and Germany suspend use of Oxford/ AstraZeneca vaccine,” The Guardian (15 March 2021).

Ben Quinn et al, “Coronavirus live news: Irish regulator hopes to lift AstraZeneca vaccine pause ‘in a week’,” The Guardian (14 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK records a further 121 Covid deaths and 5,534 cases; Germany warns cases could hit Christmas peak by April,” The Guardian (13 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: World hits 345 million vaccine doses given, but some countries are at zero,” The New York Times (13 March 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Italy approves regulations that could lock down half of country; Germany backs AZ jab,” The Guardian (12 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.S. Keeps vaccine stockpile as other countries struggle,” The New York Times (12 March 2021).

Daniel M. Altmann et al, “Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern,” Science (12 March 2021).

Kevin R. McCarthy et al, “Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape,” Science (12 March 2021).

Vaccine-induced antibodies may be less effective against several new SARS-CoV-2 variants,” ScienceDaily (12 March 2021).

SARS-CoV-2 jumped from bats to humans without much change,” ScienceDaily (12 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK government says AstraZeneca vaccine ‘safe’; France to ease international travel restrictions,” The Guardian (11 March 2021).

Lucy Campbell et al, “Coronavirus live news: Europe to receive 4m more Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines this month, says commission,” The Guardian (10 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Greece to allow tourists with vaccines, antibodies or negative tests; Johnson & Johnson reportedly tells EU of vaccine supply issues,” The Guardian (9 March 2021).

Joel Achenbach et al, “A viral tsunami: How the underestimated coronavirus took over the world,” The Washington Post (9 March 2021).

Houriiyah Tegally et alDetection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa,” Nature (9 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Canada vaccinates nursing home residents but keeps them isolated,” The New York Times (9 March 2021).

Pengfei Wang et al, “Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7,” Nature (8 March 2021).

Study of coronavirus variants predicts virus evolving to escape current vaccines,” ScienceDaily (8 March 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: vaccinated people can meet indoors, says US; Italy approves AstraZeneca jab for over-65s,” The Guardian (8 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Israel’s Covid restrictions ‘are nearly over’; Auckland finishes week of lockdown,” The Guardian (7 March 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al, “Coronavirus live news: UK reports a further 158 deaths and 6,040 new cases; France tightens regional restrictions,” The Guardian (6 March 2021).

Covid-19 news: More U.S. States lift restrictions despite health officials’ warnings,” The New York Times (6 March 2021).

Julia Kollewe, “From Pfizer to Moderna: who’s making billions from Covid-19 vaccines?,” The Guardian (6 March 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: Germany urges caution over blocking vaccine delivery to Australia; Czech hospitals critical,” The Guardian (5 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Global vaccine push fuels a new race, this time for syringes,” The New York Times (5 March 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Italy blocks AZ vaccine due for Australia; Germany and Sweden approve Oxford jab for over-65s,” The Guardian (3 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Austria to get 100,000 extra jabs to deal with hotspot; explosion at Dutch testing centre,” The Guardian (3 March 2021).

Scientists discover why blood type may matter for COVID infection,” Medical Xpress (3 March 2021).

Alex Mistlin et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany plans to extend lockdown; 76% offered Oxford vaccine in France turn it down,” The Guardian (2 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Merck will help manufacture Johnson & Johnson vaccine,” The New York Times (2 March 2021).

Sarah Boseley, “Brazil variant evaded up to 61% of immunity in previous Covid cases,” The Guardian (2 March 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live: global cases rose for first time in seven weeks at end of February; stricter Czech lockdown,” The Guardian (1 March 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: tests fall in U.S., and farmworkers are a vaccine priority,” The New York Times (1 March 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Jordan ministers sacked for breaches; More than 20m people in UK receive vaccine first dose,” The Guardian (28 February 2021).

Covid-19 news: Recent Texas storm seen as possible superspreader,” The New York Times (28 February 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Wales allows households with a baby to bubble; Italy announces further restrictions,” The Guardian (27 February 2021).

Alexandra Topping et al, “Coronavirus live news: Johnson & Johnson jab ‘to get EU approval’; Berlin pupils allowed to repeat school year,” The Guardian (26 February 2021).

Smriti Mallapaty, “Where did COVID come from? Five mysteries that remain,” Nature (26 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: China approves two more Covid vaccines; Swedes in nursing homes can see family again after two jabs,” The Guardian (25 February 2021).

Antibodies recognize and attack different SARS-CoV-2 spike shapes,” ScienceDaily (25 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Deaths in California surpass 50,000,” The New York Times (25 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Belgium warns of ‘serious delays’ to vaccine rollout; Switzerland to allow outdoor gatherings from March,” The Guardian (24 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Ireland to reopen schools; France investigates cruise ship deaths,” The Guardian (23 February 2021).

Stephani Sutherland, “Covid variants may arise in people with compromised immune systems,” Scientific American (23 February 2021).

Dyani Lewis, “Superspreading drives the COVID pandemic — and could help to tame it,” Nature (23 February 2021).

Ariana Eunjung Cha, “Coronavirus medical mystery: Baby with high viral load puzzles researchers,” The Washington Post (23 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: east coast still a hot spot as new virus cases decline across the U.S.,” The New York Times (23 February 2021).

Heidi Ledford, “Why COVID vaccines are so difficult to compare,” Nature (23 February 2021).

Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “China did ‘little’ to hunt for Covid origins in early months, says WHO document,” The Guardian (23 February 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: US nears 500,000 Covid-related deaths; Slovakia asks EU for help with ‘tragic’ situation,” The Guardian (21 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Britain’s leader outlines cautious plan to reopen England,” The New York Times (22 February 2021).

Erin Cunningham et al, “Live updates: New case numbers drop to levels not seen since the fall as U.S. death toll nears 500,000,” The Washington Post (22 February 2021).

Cate Varney, “Will the covid-19 vaccine work as well in patients with obesity?,” Discover (22 February 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Fauci says Americans may still be wearing masks in 2022; UK records 215 deaths,” The Guardian (21 February 2021).

Covid-19 news: The storm that crippled Texas has delayed vaccinations around the U.S.,” The New York Times (21 February 2021).

Melissa Eddy, “Germany, once a model, is swamped like everyone else by pandemic’s second wave,” The New York Times (21 February 2021).

Clea Skopeliti & Kevin Rawlinson, “Coronavirus: UK should donate vaccines to poorer nations now, says new WTO chief; more than 200m doses given worldwide,” The Guardian (20 February 2021).

China’s roll-out of covid-19 vaccines is slower than planned,” The Economist (20 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Pfizer’s vaccine works well with 1 dose and can be stored more easily,” The New York Times (19 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: European countries seeing public resistance to AstraZeneca vaccine,” The Guardian (18 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Clinical trials are moving out of the lab and into people’s homes,” The New York Times (18 February 2021).

Erin Cunningham et al, “Live updates: Pfizer, Moderna vaccines have reduced effectiveness against South African variant, studies show,” The Washington Post (18 February 2021).

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al, “Circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity,” medRxiv (18 February 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: concern in Germany over public reluctance to have Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine,” The Guardian (17 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Experts say Biden should speed up vaccine program,” The New York Times  (17 February 2021).

Graham Lawton, “Two coronavirus variants have merged – here’s what you need to know,” New Scientist (17 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Dutch government to appeal against ruling to end curfews; Norway eases measures in capital area,” The Guardian (16 February 2021).

Nicky Phillips, “The coronavirus is here to stay — here’s what that means,” Nature (16 February 2021).

Harry Taylor et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO approves AstraZeneca jab for emergency use; Portugal daily death toll at six-week low,” The Guardian (15 February 2021).

Simon Denyer, “Seoul offered free coronavirus tests for pets and soon found its first case in a lethargic, vomiting cat,” The Washington Post (15 February 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: ‘long way to go,’ says UK PM after 15m offered jab; France hospitals in ‘crisis organisation’,” The Guardian (14 February 2021).

Covid-19 live news: U.S. case numbers fall, but the threat of variants is growing,” The New York Times (14 February 2021).

Emma B Hodcroft et al, “Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677,” medRxiv (14 February 2021).

How well will vaccines work?,” The Economist (13 February 2021).

When covid-19 vaccines meet the new variants of the virus,” The Economist (13 February 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live: Johnson says Covid is a disease people will have to live with; new surge testing in England after South African variant detected,” The Guardian (13 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.K. variant is probably more lethal than the original virus, scientists say,” The New York Times (13 February 2021).

Kevin Rawlinson et al, “Coronavirus live: ‘all hypotheses still open’ on virus origin, says WHO; Germany shut parts of land border,” The Guardian (12 February 2021).

Ian Sample, “Long Covid more likely in working-age women than in men – study,” The Guardian (12 February 2021).

Jennie S. Lavine et al, “Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity,” Science (12 February 2021).

Linda Geddes, “Pfizer vaccine found to give strong immune response to new Covid variants,” The Guardian (1 February 2021).

Erin Cunningham & Kim Bellware, “Live updates: Melbourne begins new lockdown; Germany to close borders with neighbors,” The Washington Post (12 February 2021).

Matthew Weaver et al, “Coronavirus live news: no need to quarantine after Covid contact if fully vaccinated, says CDC,” The Guardian (11 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Vaccines are a new tool in global diplomacy,” The New York Times (11 February 2021).

Enin Cunningham & Paulina Firozi, “Coronavirus live updates: Fauci predicts ‘open season’ for vaccinations by April,” The Washington Post (11 February 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO backs AstraZeneca jab for over-65s; Israel to open leisure facilities to vaccinated,” The Guardian (10 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: after a brutal winter rise, U.S. virus deaths are declining,” The New York Times (10 February 2021).

Natalie Kitroeff & Oscar Lopez, “The Death market’: oxygen shortage leaves Mexicans to die at home,” The New York Times (9 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany plans to spend €9bn on buying vaccines; Wuhan lab leak theory ‘unlikely’,” The Guardian (9 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: W.H.O. team in Wuhan Says it’s ‘extremely unlikely’ that virus came from lab,” The New York Times (9 February 2021).

Paul Schemm et al, “Coronavirus live updates: Lab leak ‘extremely unlikely,’ WHO investigators in Wuhan say,” The Washington Post (9 February 2021).

Helen Davidson, “WHO team says theory Covid began in Wuhan lab ‘extremely unlikely’,” The Guardian (9 February 2021).

Kara J. Mould & William J. Janssen, “Signs of self-sustained inflammatory circuits in severe COVID pneumonia,” Nature (8 February 2021).

Jonathan Corum & Carl Zimmer, “Coronavirus variants and mutations,” The New York Times (8 February 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Argentina finds first cases of Brazilian variants; France bans homemade masks in schools,” The Guardian (8 February 2021).

Paul Schemm et al, “Live updates: Biden says Trump administration handling of pandemic was ‘more dire than we thought’,” The Washington Post (8 February 2021).

New COVID-19 variants explained in 500 words,” Aljazeera (8 February 2021).

Adam Finn, “Before you compare the Covid vaccines, here are five things to know,” The Guardian (8 February 2021).

Denis Grady, “A few covid vaccine recipients developed a rare blood disorder,” The New York Times (8 February 2021).

AstraZeneca’s vaccine does not work well against virus variant in South Africa,” The New York Times (8 February 2021).

Kevin Rawlinson & Ian Sample, “Oxford Covid vaccine has 10% efficacy against South African variant, study suggests,” The Guardian (8 February 2021).

Archie Bland & Rebecca Ratcliffe, “Coronavirus live: herd immunity ‘no longer a goal’ amid concern over South African variant’s resistance to vaccine,” The Guardian (7 February 2021).

Joel Achenbach, “U.K. coronavirus variant spreading rapidly through United States, study finds,” The Washington Post (7 February 2021).

Kate Connolly, “Freedom and fairness: Covid vaccine passport plans cause global unease,” The Guardian (7 February 2021).

Kevin Rawlinson et al, “Coronavirus live: 10 people die of Covid after care home outbreak in Fife; Netherlands cases surpass 1m,” The Guardian (6 February 2021).

How vaccines are made, and why it is hard,” The Economist (8 February 2021).

Will variants of SARS-CoV-2 make vaccination harder?,” The Economist (6 February 2021).

Sarah Marsh et al, “Coronavirus live news: variant first found in UK now accounts for 6% of German cases; Israel to ease lockdown,” The Guardian (5 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: AstraZeneca shot found to be protective against variant first seen in U.K.,” The New York Times (5 February 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live: international travel ‘biggest factor in death rate’; WHO has ‘frank’ China talks over virus source,” The Guardian (4 February 2021).

Steven Poole, “Why do we call vaccinations ‘jabs’?,” The Guardian (4 February 2021).

“Covid-19 live updates: As U.S. Vaccinations speed up, cautious optimism grows,” The New York Times (4 February 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Oxford/ AstraZeneca aiming to update vaccine by autumn; Denmark to launch vaccine pass,” The Guardian (3 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: nearly half of U.S. states allow teachers to get shots,” The New York Times (3 February 2021).

Sarah Kiff, “Burned by low reimbursements, some doctors stop testing for covid,” The New York Times (3 February 2021).

Helen Davidson, “‘Ambush’ lockdowns: Hong Kong tries radical Covid testing strategy,” The Guardian (3 February 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live: Poland decides not to give AstraZeneca vaccine to over-65s; Austria lockdown to be eased,” The Guardian (2 February 2021).

Coronavirus is in the air — there’s too much focus on surfaces,” Nature (2 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Virus variants continue to evolve, sometimes in dangerous way,” The New York Times (2 February 2021).

Erin Cunningham et al, “Live updates: Russian vaccine over 91% effective against coronavirus, peer-reviewed test results show,” The Washington Post (2 February 2021).

Denis Campbell, “Covid mortality down dramatically since start of pandemic, study finds,” The Guardian (2 February 2021).

Sarah Boseley, “Monoclonal antibodies: ‘great hope’ in Covid treatments fails against variants,” Guardian (2 February 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany sends healthcare workers to ‘overwhelmed’ Portugal; Austria tightens borders,” The Guardian (1 February 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.S. Vaccinations gather speed, as threat of variants grows,” The New York Times (1 February 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Hundreds arrested in Belgium and Hungary at protests; UK vaccinates record number of people in a day,” The Guardian (31 January 2021).

Matt Apuzzo & Selam Gebrekidan, “Governments sign secret vaccine deals. Here’s what they hide,” The New York Times (31 January 2021).

Oliver Holmes, “Israel Covid vaccine data shows extremely low rate of infections,” The Guardian (31 January 2021).

Molly Blackall et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO urges UK to share vaccines worldwide; Vatican museums to reopen on Monday,” The Guardian (30 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Countries around the world tighten borders to evade virus variants,” The New York Times (30 January 2021).

Seattle hospitals rush to dole out 1,300 Covid vaccine doses in the middle of the night,” The Washington Post (30 January 2021).

Ewen Callaway & Heidi Ledford, “How to redesign COVID vaccines so they protect against variants,” Nature (29 January 2021).

Ewen Callaway & Heidi Ledford, “How to redesign COVID vaccines so they protect against variants,” Nature (29 January 2021).

How some viruses give you the sniffles year after year,” Nature (29 January 2021).

Michael Laris, “CDC issues sweeping mask mandate for planes, public transportation in U.S.CDC issues sweeping mask mandate for planes, public transportation in U.S.,” The Washington Post (29 January 2021).

Aaron Blake, “Andrew Cuomo’s bad ‘who cares’ answer on coronavirus nursing home data,” The Washington Post (29 January 2021).

John Hewitt, “How does SARS-CoV-2 evade our immune defenses?,” Medical Xpress (29 January 2021).

William Wan & Ben Guarino, “Why America is ‘flying blind’ to the coronavirus mutations racing across the globe,” The Washington Post (29 January 2021).

Jennifer L. Hope & Linda M. Bradley, “Lessons in antiviral immunity,” Science (29 January 2021).

Carolyn Y. Johnson, “Novavax vaccine protects against coronavirus in variant hot spots but proved less effective against strain in South Africa,” The Washington Post (28 January 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany bans travel from UK, Brazil and South Africa; Covid spread slows in every global region,” The Guardian (29 January 2021).

Sarah Boseley, “Johnson & Johnson one-dose Covid vaccine shown to work,” The Guardian (29 January 2021).

Rachael Zimlich, “An overview of the Johnson & Johnson covid-19 vaccine,” verywell health (15 January 2021).

Apoorva Mandavilli, “How the coronavirus turns the body against itself,” The New York Times (28 January 2021).

Nahid Bhadelia et al, “Distinct autoimmune antibody signatures between hospitalized acute covid-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals, and unexposed pre-pandemic controls,” MedRxiv (25 January 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Norway to close borders for all but essential visitors; vaccine shortage in Madrid,” The Guardian (27 January 2021).

China starts using anal swabs to test ‘high-risk’ people for Covid,” The Guardian (27 January 2021).

Ewen Callaway, “Fast-spreading covid variant can elude immune responses,” Nature (21 January 2021).

Eva Dou, “China rolls out anal swab coronavirus tests, saying it’s more accurate than throat method,” The Washington Post (27 January 2021).

Fan Anqi & Deng Xiaoci, “Beijing tests for COVID-19 using anal swabs, where virus may survive longer: experts,” Global Times (23 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Biden’s top virus advisers hold first briefing,” The New York Times (27 January 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU ‘to stop short of vaccine export ban’; Germany may cut inbound flights to almost zero,” The Guardian (26 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: as borders tighten worldwide, Brazil-based variant is found in U.S.,” The New York Times (26 January 2021).

Helen Davidson, “Wuhan doctor: China authorities stopped me sounding alarm on Covid,” The Guardian (26 January2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live news: Moderna says vaccine works on UK and South African variants; Spain sees record rise in cases,” The Guardian (25 January 2021).

Steve Hendrix & Shira Rubin, “Violence erupts in Israel’s ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods over covid restrictions,” The Washington Post (25 January 2021).

Laura Bootham, “Manaus COVID-19 crisis could strike across Brazil, doctors warn,” Aljazeera (25 January 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live: UK lockdown ‘long way’ from lifting, says Hancock; Israel to ban flights in and out of country,” The Guardian (24 January 2021).

U.S. surpasses 25 million coronavirus cases, a staggering tally,” The New York Times (24 January 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Spain’s defence chief quits over alleged vaccination queue-jumping; UK records 1,348 deaths; Israel begins vaccinating teenagers,” The Guardian (23 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Biden predicts more than 600,000 U.S. deaths,” The New York Times (23 January 2021).

Stephan Walrand, “Autumn COVID-19 surge dates in Europe correlated to latitudes, not to temperature-humidity, pointing to vitamin D as contributing factor,” Scientific Reports (21 January 2021).

Kai Kupferschmidt, “New mutations raise specter of ‘immune escape’,” Science (22 January 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Germany records first case of Brazil variant; Hong Kong to impose local lockdown,” The Guardian (22 January 2021).

Marilynn Marchione, “Some COVID-19 mutations may dampen vaccine effectiveness,” Medical Xpress (21 January 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: Spain investigates ‘criminal mishandling’ of care home deaths; Portugal shuts schools,” The Guardian (21 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Fauci throws U.S. support behind W.H.O.,” The New York Times (21 January 2021).

Moises Velasquez-Manoff, “What if you never get better from covid-19?,” The New York Times (21 January 2021).

Ian Sample & Linda Geddes, “Covid vaccines may need updating to protect against new variant, study suggests,” The Guardian (21 January 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live: Italy may take legal action over Pfizer vaccine delivery delays; China finds two cases resemble UK strain,” The Guardian (20 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Virus tightens its grip on Texas,” The New York Times (20 January 2021).

Van Morrison to start legal action over Northern Ireland Covid ban on live music,” The Guardian (20 January 2021).

Loveday Morris & Rick Noack, “Europe’s growing mask ask: Ditch the cloth ones for medical-grade coverings,” The Washington Post (20 January 20210).

Nicola Davis, “Talking can spread Covid as much as coughing, says research,” The Guardian (20 January 2021).

Hannah Ellis-Petersen & Amrit Dhillon, “Indian hesitancy sets back world’s biggest Covid vaccination drive,” The Guardian (20 January 2021).

Gerry Shih, “China turbocharges bid to discredit Western vaccines, spread virus conspiracy theories,” The Washington Post (20 January 2021).

Helen Davidson, “China revives conspiracy theory of US army link to Covid,” The Guardian (20 January 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al, “Coronavirus live news: Ireland daily reported deaths hit record high; Italy row over ‘more jabs for rich areas’ call,” The Guardian (19 January 2021).

Peter Beaumont, “Single Covid vaccine dose in Israel ‘less effective than we thought‘,’ The Guardian (19 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Pressed by pandemic, sat dropping essay section and subject tests,” The New York Times (19 January 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Japan and Czech Republic record cases of fast-spreading variant first found in Britain,” The Guardian (18 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Deaths climb in california, as states’ vaccine plans struggle,” The New York Times (18 January 2021).

Elizabeth Dwoskin & Aaron Gregg,”The Trump administration bailed out prominent anti-vaccine groups during a pandemic,” The Washington Post (18 January 2021).

Jonathan Corum & Carl Zimmer, “Inside the B.1.1.7 coronavirus variant,” The New York Times (18 January 2021).

Clea Skopeliti et al, “Coronavirus live: UK reports further 671 Covid-related deaths; Amsterdam police break up anti-lockdown protest,” The Guardian (17 January 2021).

Jedidajah Otte et al,”Coronavirus live news: UK records 1,295 more deaths and a further 41,346 cases; Japan’s Covid  second wave linked to rise in suicides,” The Guardian (16 January 2021).

Covid-19: Over two million around the world have died from the virus,” The New York Times (16 January 2021).

Mattha Busby et al, “Coronavirus live news: EU states warn Pfizer delay risks credibility of vaccine programmes,” The Guardian (15 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: As vaccine eligibility expands in U.S., so does confusion,” The New York Times (15 January 2021).

Kaiyuan Sun et al, “Transmission heterogeneities, kinetics, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2,” Science (15 January 2021).

Alexandra Topping et al, “Coronavirus live news: curfew in Brazil’s largest state after surge in fatalities; record deaths in Sweden,” The Guardian (14 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Southwest surge helps drive record death toll in U.S.,” The New York Times (14 January 2021).

Jessica Murray et al,”Coronavirus live news: Spain reports record 38,869 new cases; fresh lockdown in Portugal from Friday,” The Guardian (13 January 2021).

UK, South Africa COVID variants found in dozens of countries: WHO,” Aljazeera (13 January 2021).

Jonathan Corum & Carl Zimmer, “How the Johnson & Johnson vaccine works,” The New York Times (13 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Distracted by D.C. Political crisis, U.S. Sets daily record for virus deaths,” The New York Times (13 January 2021).

Jessica Murray et al, “Coronavirus live news: German lockdown could last up to 10 weeks; Ukraine asks EU for vaccine help,” The Guardian (12 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Trump administration will recommend vaccinating all Americans over 65,” The New York Times (12 January 2021).

Why COVID-19 pneumonia lasts longer, causes more damage than typical pneumonia,” Medical Xpress (12 January 2021).

Rogan A. Grant et al, “Circuits between infected macrophages and T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia,” Nature (11 January 2021).

Archie Bland et al, “Coronavirus live news: Republic of Ireland infection rate surges to be worst in world; strict new Beijing lockdown,” The Guardian (11 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: In 5 U.S. States, crushing numbers and hospitals at capacity,” The New York Times (11 January 2021).

Nicola Slawson et al,Coronavirus live news: US lawmakers may have been exposed in Capitol siege; UK reports nearly 55,000 new infections,” The Guardian (10 January 2021).

Alexander Villegas et al, “As spending climbs and revenue falls, the coronavirus forces a global reckoning,” The Washington Post (10 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.S. Ambulance crews struggle to keep up with virus surge,” The New York Times (10 January 2021).

Michael Standaert, “‘Even mourning is said to shame China’: women of Wuhan fight to be heard,” The Guardian (10 January 2021).

Yohannes Lowe et al, “Coronavirus live news: Pope to have Covid vaccine next week; UK deaths surpass 80,000 after 1,035 recorded,” The Guardian (9 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: More than 150,000 are fully vaccinated in the U.S.,” The New York Times (9 January 2021).

Large study finds higher burden of acute brain dysfunction for COVID-19 ICU patients,” ScienceDaily (9 January 2021).

Chaolin Huang et al, “6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study,” The Lancet (8 January 2021).

Damien Gayle et al, “Coronavirus live news: WHO says poorer countries not getting vaccines; Denmark to restrict all travel,” The Guardian (8 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: Biden plans to release nearly all vaccine doses to states,” The New York Times (8 January 2021).

Antonia Noori Farzan et al, “Live updates: U.S. reports more than 4,000 covid-19 deaths in deadliest day of pandemic,” The Washington Post (8 January 2021).

Xuping Xie et al, “Neutralization of N501Y mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera,” bioRxiv (7 January 2021).

Alexandra Topping et al, “Coronavirus live news: 1,070 new Covid-linked deaths in Germany; Europe exceeds 25m cases, reports say,” The Guardian (7 January 2021).

Peter Beaumont, “China stalls WHO mission to investigate origins of coronavirus,” The Guardian (7 January 2021).

Sarah Boseley, “Origin story: what do we know now about where coronavirus came from?,” The Guardian (12 December 2020).

Nicola Davis, “Arthritis drugs could help save lives of Covid patients, research finds,” The Guardian (7 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: U.S. Records its deadliest day, with a toll of nearly 4,000,” The New York Times (7 January 2021).

Ben Guarino, “People without symptoms spread virus in more than half of cases, CDC model findsus,” The New York Times (7 January 2021).

Jessica Murray, “Coronavirus live news: Ireland shuts down schools and construction; EU approves Moderna vaccine,” The Guardian (6 January 2021).

Covid-19 live updates: E.U. Approves the Moderna vaccine,” The New York Times (6 January 2021).

Carl Zimmer, “U.S. is blind to contagious new virus variant, scientists warn,” The New York Times (6 January 2021).

Protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 could last eight months or more,” ScienceDaily (6 January 2021).

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New COVID-19 test gives positive result in just a few minutes,” ScienceDaily (5 January 2021).

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